What is Dark Matter & Dark Energy

Dark Matter

Dark matter cannot be observed in this universe because it cannot release anything. Then how did scientists discover this dark object? In this universe, 69% is dark energy, then 26% is dark matter, and the remaining 5% of the universe is matter.

The force of gravity helped us to know better about these dark things. The Milky Way galaxy is known as the “Galaxy Cluster”. There may be some gravitational pull between them in order to be in a group. There are many such galaxies.

Coma Cluster

In 1930, Fritz Zwicky researched a group of galaxies called the “Coma Galaxy Cluster“. He calculated mass, luminosity, distance.

But he found that for such a movement to occur, the mass must be 400 times greater than calculated. He was confused as to why this incompatibility occurs, so he did a lot of research.

That said, something drives the clusters of these masses that we cannot see. And he called that unknown thing “Dark Matter.” He named it because it is something invisible to human eyes. Dark matter is considered another hypothesis & not much recognized at the time. Some other hypotheses about the dark matter are also stated.

But in the 1970s, Vera Rubin of the United States did research on galaxies and said there must be more mass than we can see. After this event, the dark matter became a serious matter.

When the galaxy rotates towards its center. We can assume that the speed of rotation is slow in the hands and fast in the center, but everything in the galaxy rotates at equal speed.

Where did the extra power for this come from?

They predicted that this thing alone would not suffice for the equal speed of rotation. There must be something else. From a few other things, researchers have concluded that dark matter is available.

What is special about astronomical physics is that we can tell by its impact on an unknown object. For example, a calendar is created and used by all of us to calculate the impact of the sun on the earth.

It was developed long before the split-fusion reactions in the sun were known. For example, if an object falls, it may be something like a stick, apple, stone. But by knowing its speed and gravitational force we can measure the mass of an object. Similarly, dark matter can be calculated using certain measurements.

Bullet Cluster

Although it was researched in the 1930s and 1970s, in 2007 a coma-like galaxy named the “Bullet Galaxy Cluster” was discovered.

Using a Chandra X-ray telescope, it was discovered that there was an extra thing other than mass. The dark object is due to the WIMP event which cannot release anything.

It is a weak interactive massive particle. This dark object does not relate to anything. It is believed that it cannot even interact with an atom. But to prove strongly about the dark object, we must observe its gravitational force. But, Dark Matter has a gravitational pull.

Space that looks like a mattress. At this point, the Earth forms a curve, and large stars like the Sun form a large curve in space. Depending on the mass, the curve increases.

A black hole creates the largest curve in space. Similarly, dark matter has the ability to form curves in space because it has mass. Using gravity lensing, we confirmed the dark matter. Gravitational lensing is like the travel of light through a lens by creating a curve.

Similarly, light from any part of the universe reaches us by creating a curve as it travels through objects such as galaxies.

For example, consider the light travel of a star through a galaxy. By creating a curve and reaching us. The material of the barrier affects the magnitude of the curve of light. When looking at the shadow, we can guess the source of the disturbance and the light.

Similarly, using gravitational lensing we can tell about an unknown dark object. You are sitting under a tree, you look around, no branches and no leaves. But you get the shade, which means. There is something that interferes with the light source to provide shade.

Therefore, how dark matter is confirmed using gravity lensing. This dark matter pervades the entire universe. Dark matter may surround us all.

Several experiments have been performed to dispel this suspicion. The first thing is direct detection. Many detectors are installed in unobstructed areas of the earth.

This LZ experiment Using N & Finder, they try to find the dark object. Using the Fermi gamma-ray telescope, we try to find a dark object in space. Using particle collisions, experiments are performed to detect dark matter. Einstein had already mentioned this dark thing.

In 1917, Einstein stated that there was no vacancy and that it had wonderful properties. So he used the cosmological constant, one of his equations. This cosmological constant maybe a dark matter.

This empty space can automatically generate energy, i.e. it creates a temporary virtual particle and at the same time destroys it in parallel. This is why we can observe this process.

The effect of this process is to generate energy that expands the universe. Another hypothesis is that that energy may be dark energy.

During the diagnostic process, Jupiter was selected for research due to its large size. Using Fermi’s telescope for 12 years, data has been collected and researched.

And in that research gamma rays were found. But no dark substance was found from that research. Scientists have found it difficult to understand the dark matter of Earth and Jupiter. So they shifted their focus to Exoplanet.

We can easily learn about the interactions of dark matter in exoplanets, which we send into space using the James Webb Telescope. This change has gone to the Exoplanets for dark matter research.

Dark Energy

Next (Dark Energy) is dark energy. Dark matter is not an object. It can be said to be the property of space. We observe that the universe expands using the red transformation of the Hubble telescope.

Also by looking at CMB (cosmic microwave background radiation), after knowing the back and forth of the temperature of the universe, the researchers found something different.

After ping banking, a huge expansion takes place, and different objects of different masses are created. For example, a firecracker explodes and initially expands rapidly, then slows down.

But the expansion of the universe has not slowed down. This may be due to dark energy. The starting point of this discovery was when Hubble’s telescope caught a supernova explosion. The pace and timing for the expansion of the supernova were slow.

But now the pace of expansion of the universe is fast. Due to the force of gravity over time, the speed of expansion should decrease, but how was the acceleration accelerated?

Unknown energy acting against gravity causes a high speed of expansion, which is described by researchers as dark energy.

Apart from this, we do not have much information about Dark Energy. One speculation is that dark energy may be the result of dark matter. These are only on a theoretical level and no proven facts are available.

This is only known when we gather additional data about it to prove and support theories. By 2025, NASA plans to launch the Roman space telescope.

To do research on dark matter and dark energy. This publication can give wonderful details about dark matter and a broader understanding of the universe.

Comment by Neil Tyson

Neil Tyson stated a hypothesis about dark matter and dark energy, this dark matter may have come from multiple universes or parallel universes. The mass particle may be invisible to us, but dark matter may be available here due to the impact of some other universe.

When asked about Neil Tyson’s belief in multiverses and parallel universes? Avery went on, initially, we believed that there was only one planet, but we believed that there are many planets and only one sun, but there are many stars & suns and that there is only one galaxy.

But there are many galaxies. Similarly, we believe that there is only one universe. There are also hypotheses about the Multi Universe. So many people know who the Universe may be, ”said Neil Tyson.